For a considerable time, investor–state arbitration appears to have rested on a relatively stable framework: capital moves, states compete for that capital, and legal frameworks ensure that once an investment is made, the “rules of the game” will not change in a way that fundamentally undermines it.

Artificial intelligence is no longer a speculative topic in international arbitration and litigation. It is already being used, quietly but increasingly, across multiple stages of the process: from document review and data extraction, to the preparation of draft pleadings, AI tools are beginning to reshape how parties approach dispute resolution.

In international arbitration, valuation has long been treated as a technical discipline. Differences between experts were expected, but generally contained as a matter of inputs, methodologies, and professional judgment within a shared framework. That assumption is becoming increasingly difficult to sustain.

Expert evidence is often the backbone of international arbitration. From asset valuation to complex technical assessments in construction disputes, arbitral tribunals rely extensively on experts to clarify...

Expert evidence lies at the heart of many international arbitration proceedings. From damages calculations to complex engineering issues, experts provide the technical foundation on which tribunals build their awards.